Pre confederation Canadian history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pre confederation Canadian history - Essay Example Initially there is the need to know the meaning of Confederation since all our discussion is based on that angle. According to a definition found, Confederation means "A group of confederates, especially of states or nations, united for a common purpose; a league".The essence of this discussion is to make assessments on the 4 Pre Confederation Canadian staples namely; fur, fish, wheat and timber. How these staples changed New France to socially, economically and politically advance.Canada was undertaken in the context of small groups of settlers living on a small portion of the land mass of the continent and involved such matters as trade and commerce, law, peace, alliance and friendship, and the extradition and exchange of prisoners. It took place in a time of intense diplomatic and military competition among European powers to claim territory, trade and influence in North America (Pre-Confederation Treaties in Canada)The role of the infrastructural investments in the economic devel opment of Upper Canada (Canada West after the act of Union in 1841, renamed Ontario at confederation in 1867), has generally been limited to analyze of transportation and financial institution. The economic history of Upper Canada is still typically interpreted within the staple approach, with much emphasis been placed on Timber, wheat and flour, as the leading exports sector propelling the colonial economy. Is another trade that flourished during the pre-confederation, which as a result. It was carried out by the native people around there, during that period. According to a research about Fur trade in the era of pre confederation, its has more political impact than the economic impact. Often, the political benefits of the fur trade became more important than the economic aspects. Trade was a way to forge alliances and maintain good relations between different cultures and as marriages were METIS the currency of diplomatic ties of that time, the trade was the beginning of the (mixed European and Native American parentage). Consequently, there was much rivalry between different European-American governments for control of the fur trade with the various native societies. (Fur Trade) TIMBER: is one the trade that became very significant to the socio-economic and Political well being of people during the pre confederation era. Its replaces the trade of Fur which later decline. During that period, the trade was given priority in three main regions. Pre confederation Canadian history-- staples The first to be exploited was the St. John River. Trees in the still almost deserted hinterland of New Brunswick were cut and transported to St. John where they were shipped to England. This area soon could not keep up with demand, and the trade moved to the St. Lawrence River where logs were shipped to Quebec City before being sent on to Europe. This area also became insufficient, and the trade expanded westward, most notably to the Ottawa River system, which by 1845 provided three quarters of the timber shipped from Quebec City. The timber trade became a massive business. In one summer 1200 ships were loaded with timber at Quebec City alone. (The

Clinical Practice Analysis Nursing Models Health And Social Care Essay

Clinical Practice Analysis Nursing Models Health And Social Care Essay Concepts should not be considered as either being permanent or static but should be considered open to new knowledge, perception, experiences and also data (Alligood and Tomey 2006). The nursing models were established to help clinical nurses in developing new roles and partnerships and also create better models of nursing care in order to facilitate a better clinical practice (www.health.nsw.gov.au/nursing/projects/models_of_care.asp). Nursing models are usually referred to as operational models for redesigning the nursing practice that will provide better nursing care for the patient on an organizational setting, primarily hospitals and long term care facilities. The models however can take a different form on the organizational level. They however only mean that that there has been some form of redesigning. This redesigning is usually mainly at the patient care delivery level or the nursing level. The only way to differentiate such models at the level of organization is by attaini ng those that do not care delivery. These are mainly levels such as innovative pay and also the programs of clinical advancement. Nursing practice models differ from the traditional models in either of the following structural dimensions. It is either through the degree to which the practice by individual nursing is differentiated based on their individual educational level, the degree to which nursing practice is more of self managed rather than managed by traditional supervisors, the degree to which case management is deployed and also the degree by which teams are employed. Teams in this case mean either nursing or multi-displinary. According to Mayer, Madden, and Lawrenz (1990), the models that they evaluated have varying degrees of employing various structural approaches to reorganize the nursing practice. Past studies and also the present studies show reflections on the applicability of the models and also the nursing models. This allows the validation and construction of new action forms in nursing care. It also helps to identify limits and relations between professions and individuals who are in need of care. In order to give a description, explanation, forecasting or even a prescription of nursing care, there is need to have articulated and communicative conceptualizations of reality which can either be invented or discovered. Case study: HIV/AIDS patients Among many cases that affect the human nature other than the cancer kind of diseases, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has the greatest negative effect on mankind. The case study within the practice which best utilizes the nursing models is on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS). This case study best shows how the nursing model by Dorothea Orem can best service the patients and bring a form of relief to the patients. There have been models and theories that have been put in practice or give an explanation of the self-care related phenomena guide solutions that respond to the involved people ¿Ã‚ ½s needs and interests and equip nurses to help patients take care of themselves, as AIDS is a chronic illness that depends on the patient ¿Ã‚ ½s personal care to gain a better quality of life and prolong survival. Models including that of Dorothea Orem are used in nursing to ensure that there is adequ ate care given to those with HIV/AIDS. The use of this model or theory is because those who suffer HIV/AIDS have low immunodeficiency. This has a great effect on the normal functioning of the body. It however rests upon the patients to ensure that they maintain good health. People suffering from HIV/AIDS require constant care and support from the society. They also require not to be looked down upon by those who offer the care delivery to them. It therefore shows that the model of nursing by Orem can easily boost the morale of the patients if they a re given a chance to have the self care by themselves. It however also requires that there be moderate to high levels of participation by the health care deliverers in order to ensure that the patients are well equipped on how to go round the self care. Nursing models by Orem Models are considered conceptual reference frameworks, constructed representations on some aspect in the environment, using abstractions as fundamental blocks. The self care model of nursing or better known as the Orem model of nursing was established by Dorothea Orem in 1959. In her theory of administering care the patient is looked upon or is encouraged to be an independent person. This helps in the recovery of the patient as they are directed to use the best ways possible to ensure their well being. Self care is considered as an individual ¿Ã‚ ½s performance towards a better health, life and also well being through practice of given activities. The recovery and development of health is achieved when a patient apprehends the orientations. This helps to retain the structural integrity and also the human functioning. For those suffering Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS), there are diseases which are related that occur. They may include the acquisition of opportunistic infections as the body has a low immune system, difficulty in taking sufficient food intake, lack or deprived sleep, nausea and/ or altered palate due to collateral medical effects, weight loss, fatigue, an decrease in body mass. Other than the physical changes, the patient may also have an onset of psychological alteration such as low self image and self esteem. There are also changes in lifestyles of the patient due to maybe prejudice, side effects of the medication and even constant and frequent visits to the health centre. Areas of changes The self care model by Orem consists of mainly three theories which revolve mainly around the nursing theory, self-care deficit and also the self care theory itself. On the theory of self care there are three levels that are of concern such as universal care, health deviation and also developmental. This means care which aims at maintaining the integrity of human functioning and structure. According to the self care deficit theory, it shows that the patient has to be dependent and in a situation whereby the patient is incapable or has limitations to providing self care. This is what needs to be changed in the Dorothea Orem ¿Ã‚ ½s model of nursing in order to deliver better care. By doing away with such theories it will prove better and well managed to finally offer better care towards the patients. It therefore becomes relevant to view such a case scenario as a way to improve self care through the use of the Orem nursing model where a patient should be considered as an independent person. There have been researches done that have articulate the use of this model of nursing. Outcome of the use of the nursing model by Orem a. The use of the theory by Orem by patients suffering from HIV/AIDS As such was the case scenario of patients in an educative proposal of how to have eye self exam by those who suffer from Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS). There were several detailed diagnosis that were identified from most of the patients. Based on the profile that was as a result from the analysis of the patients, it proved that patients require help. The demand on self care on universal and developmental level ensures that patients get moderate if not high levels of help. Basing the facts from the deduced results it showed that there was a level of competency in the patients. This shows that the patients can conduct their own eye self exam. The results also justify that for patients suffering HIV/AIDS, it is possible for them to have adequate nursing care. Through the analytical questions that were posed in order to achieve the analysis of the model showed that nursing care systemization for self-care among HIV/AIDS patients, using the n ursing process; to the patient ¿Ã‚ ½s possible accomplishment of the eye self-exam; to the identification of HIV patients ¿Ã‚ ½ self-care attitudes and deficits through the universal, developmental and health deviation requisites. Besides, the nursing model collaborated as a method to help patients. The resulting results show that the Orem ¿Ã‚ ½s theory can give guidance. This guidance however serves as a guide to how care delivery is done on those with HIV/AIDS. It also elaborates more on the need to have assessment on the HIV/AIDS patient on self eye exam. The analysis of the study also showed that the nursing model by Dorothea Orem can also be used in the nursing curriculum. b. The use of Orem ¿Ã‚ ½s model of nursing involving the HIV/AIDS patients The analyzed study offered important information to guide nursing research, as it demonstrated that the use of Orem ¿Ã‚ ½s Theory permitted testing an eye self-exam teaching model in HIV/AIDS patients, which can be included in the nursing curriculum. There were discoveries that were made in the Orem ¿Ã‚ ½s theory. This included the fact that there was little or small input from the limited number of participants. It therefore proved hard to make a possible. However, there was qualitative results that made it possible to have a view on the competency in HIV/AIDS patient to run an eye self test. The tested propositions were based by the fact that a higher proportion of HIV patients at different stages had irreversible eye alterations due to lack of early diagnosis and treatment. It therefore goes to show that patients require help for universal development and health deviation requisites. c. Orem model of nursing for the purpose of nursing management Based on the research done on people with HIV/AIDS, there is a considerable gap that the nurses should bridge. Mainly this gap is mostly in the learning of nursing based on the educative and supportive system of nursing there has been detailed nursing curriculums that help in implementing the Orem ¿Ã‚ ½s model of nursing. The outstanding results from the use of Orem ¿Ã‚ ½s model in nursing showed that there could be use of the model in the management of the nursing in care services. This was a measured achievement towards self care for patients suffering from HIV/AIDS. It proved to be a success and therefore can be used in the nursing management. The practice of nursing is becoming more targeted as the self care proved to be an instant success. Mainly after the nursing interventions, the care quality in nursing can be measured to form an assessment. d. Better instruments for future and further diagnosis of diseases Based on the findings of how effective the Orem ¿Ã‚ ½s model of nursing is on Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) it only goes to show that with future studies of other diseases, this Orem ¿Ã‚ ½s model of nursing can be utilized to the advantage of the patients and also to the advantage of the nursing practice as a whole. In the practice of this Orem ¿Ã‚ ½s model of nursing, it proves comforting to the patient which should be the general idea behind nursing (Alligood and Tomey 2006). It offers comfort to the patient as they have the knowledge that someone else has faith in them to take good care of themselves. It also boosts their morale in knowing that they are yet capable of taking care of themselves to attain better health General conclusion For nurses who undertake the use of Orem ¿Ã‚ ½s model of nursing they can easily find out gaps or self care deficits which they can try to fill in. The act of learning more in order to fill in the deficit can also help in the diagnosis which might be corresponding. By the use of the Orem ¿Ã‚ ½s model of nursing, it becomes easy for those in the nursing practice to identify means and ways through which they might better the practice. Basing on facts that the Orem ¿Ã‚ ½s model of nursing was established in the early 1965, it has been used widely in nursing areas such as on pregnant women, HIV/AIDS patients, adolescents and also hypersensitive patients. There has been progress from theory to practice by the use of the use of the model in nursing by Orem. There is proven and theoretical framework as it has helped nurses to offer support to patients of HIV/AIDS. Besides just intervention for those with HIV/AIDS, the model of nursing by Orem ensures that attitude of the patient and a lso the self care deficits are clearly identified. It therefore proves that the model in nursing by Orem can is actually a valid instrument. It can therefore be used to bridge the gap between the researchers and also the research subject. As a means of ensuring that those in the nursing practice utilize the Orem ¿Ã‚ ½s model in nursing, there can be a venture into other areas other than HIV/AIDS to areas such as diabetes. By the use of the Orem ¿Ã‚ ½s model in nursing it has opened up more opportunities through which support education can offer. There is better service offered since the Orem ¿Ã‚ ½s model in nursing was established and more research in this area is proving fruitful. This is because of the research done based on people with Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has been seen as a step closer to ensuring that the patients do not suffer. It also has ensured that there is better treatment both at a physical and psychological l evel. Though it might prove as a remedy or cure to the disease it has definitely given the patients a better understanding of themselves. It has also created ways in which the patients can be self reliant based on the stages of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Recommendations It therefore goes without saying that the Orem ¿Ã‚ ½s model in nursing is a true model that should be utilized more for the sake of the patients. It helps in boosting the self esteem of the patient which giving a detailed analysis to those in the profession of nursing. It provides a better view on how strategies should be laid out in order to achieve better health care delivery. Patients no matter the kind of ailment they suffer from but especially those suffering from Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) should be taken as independent patients. They should be taught various ways of self care other than the eye self care. Through such ways it proves profitable for both the patients and also those in the nursing practice. The model in nursing by Orem proves a sufficient way to manage the practice of nursing and on the other hand creates a study for other patients who might benefit from the model.

The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and the Creation of a Politicize

The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and the Creation of a Politicized Female Reform Culture In 1879, a group of evangelical churchwomen, all members of the Illinois Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), presented to their state legislature a massive petition asking that Illinois women be granted the right to vote. The architect of this ambitious petition campaign, which resulted in 180,000 signatures of support, was Frances Willard, then president of the Illinois WCTU. In using her position as a prominent WCTU leader to agitate for enfranchisement of women, Willard went against the express commands of the National WCTU and its president, Annie Wittenmeyer, who had made clear only one year earlier that the WCTU would not involve itself in any way with the suffrage movement. Willard’s efforts to build support for suffrage within the WCTU were only a part of a larger pattern of change. During the 1880s, WCTU members constructed a highly politicized women’s reform culture that supported both women’s enfranchisement and political partisanshi p. This essay looks at the first four years of this culture through some of the people and events that were most crucial to its growth. Founded in 1874, the late nineteenth century WCTU quickly became one of the most powerful reform organizations in the United States. By the mid-1880s, the WCTU boasted a membership near 100,000 and chapters in every state and territory, making it the first truly national women’s organization in the country. The size and influence of the WCTU during this period was unprecedented; no other women’s reform organization had ever had its power and scope. For the first time, tens of thousands of women were entering the public sphere as agitators a... ...olitical—particularly in the South and, to a lesser extent, in small towns in the North—the national chapter’s unswerving devotion to politicized reform created a culture that encompassed—but minimally infringed upon—even non-political WCTUs. Although temperance women’s alliance with the Prohibition party failed to result in their enfranchisement, or in a influential political party led by women, (the party’s influence peaked in 1884, and by 1892 it was once again of negligible political importance), the WCTU nevertheless helped shape a distinct political sphere for women. And the extensive amount of â€Å"moral† legislation that WCTU women successfully agitated for at the state and local levels, such as prohibition, blue laws, age of consent, school suffrage for women, and scientific temperance education in public schools is evidence of how strong that culture was.

Understand and Meet the Nutrition Requirements of Individuals with Dementia

1. 1 Describe how cognitive, functional and emotional changes associated with dementia can affect eating, drinking and nutrition? Cognitive: depending on the type of dementia a person has they may have trouble in recognising the food in front of them or not understand that the food provided is for them, they may even view the food in front of them as food. This can be caused by their minds not recognising what is in front of them. Functional: depending on the type of dementia a person has they may struggle to use their knife, fork and spoon, they may even struggle to chew or swallow. This can be caused by the mind forgetting how to do something, or making that task become more difficult to perform. Emotional: depending on the type of dementia a person has they refuse to eat all together, this could be caused by the mind simply telling them they are not hungry or thirsty when they actually are, this can happen quite often and is usually caused by a problem causing them to get upset or angry. 1. 2 Explain how poor nutrition can contribute to an individual’s experience of dementia? Poor nutrition can actually worsen the symptoms of dementia for people. A report states that people with dementia who are undernourished may end up worsening their condition. But poor nutrition can also cause individuals with dementia to need specialised help more often as well. 1. 3 outline how other health and emotional conditions may affect the nutritional needs of an individual with dementia? Dementia can be effected by other conditions that may prevent the individual from eating or drinking: Health – it is quite often for individuals with dementia to end up with Urinary Tract Infection or UTI for short, and while having a UTI the individuals may get more confused or angry causing them to not wanting to eat. Emotional – quite a few dementia suffers end up with depression because of the drastic changes in their life, such as being taken away from your home and your family. Having depression may cause the individuals to not want to eat. 1. 4 Explain the important of recognising and meeting an individual’s personal and cultural preferences of food and drink? Some people have curtain dietary requirements such as being vegetarian or vegan, some religions require you not to eat pork or only eating meet if it’s halal. Even though the individual has dementia they still have these beliefs and it is important to respect that person’s beliefs and choice. . 5 Explain why it is important to include a variety of food and drink in the diet of an individual with dementia? A balanced diet is important to people with dementia because if they do not have a nutritional diet then it can worsen their condition. Weight loss, nutritional deficiencies and inadequate fluid intake can a ll have a negative effect on a person’s dementia. It is the care assistances job to make sure that the individuals get the correct diet they each need. 2. 1 describe how mealtime cultures and environments can be a barrier to meeting the nutritional needs of an individual with dementia? In some cultures, people have strict meal time and meal size restrictions. People who are of Muslim religion fast once a year where they cannot eat when the sun is up, but for someone with Dementia they may think they are fasting when they don’t need to, so end up refusing all meals offered and provided to them. Another example would be that someone with dementia may not see or understand why they have to eat in a particular way, for example, starter, main, dessert. For someone with dementia, their tastes may have changed and might not want to eat meals that are set out for them in a particular way. By sticking to a regular meal time, this can be a barrier to the nutrition they need, because they may not want to eat at the same time as everyone else. 2. 2 describe how mealtime environments and food presentation can be designed to help an individual to eat and drink? Food presentation is very important to people with dementia, because their view on things are different, even though its meal time and other people around them are eating. If it doesn’t look like food they won’t eat it. Make sure that the table cloth is a bright colour and that the plate is a completely different colour, as well as different colour food on the plate. Even though to us there is something clearly on the table for someone with dementia, if there was a red table cloth with a red bowl and tomato soup inside, even though there is something there in front of them, they may not be able to see it. 2. 3 describe how a person centred approach can support an individual, with dementia at different levels of ability, to eat and drink? Treating everyone individually and offering them choices with their day to day life are the best ways to support someone with dementia. Many people with dementia are capable of making choices for themselves. So it is important to offer them different meal choices so they can pick which they prefer. If someone has progressed further with their dementia and are unable to communicate to tell us what they want, then we may need to show them the different options or check their care plans to see what they prefer eating. If none of this is available then you could observe them, If they eat what you provide then you should take a note that they liked it, if they don’t then try them with something else.

Risk Management: Trends and Developments

As time evolves organizations must continue to grow and evolve. The demographics and territories of organizations change as time evolves. As a result the risk management trends and developments become extremely important to the long-term success and survivability of organizations. Risk management trends exist at the corporate, business, and project levels of organizations. At each level of the risk management process stakeholders are identified and encouraged to actively participate in the process (Merna & AL-Thani, 2008).This has a positive effect on any future challenges that may arise and helps insure that the risk mitigation of trends and developments are beneficial to everyone involved. In this assignment three new trends and developments such as technology, culture, and government regulations will be examined, along with their future challenges. Each trend, development, and challenge will be summarized and the pros and cons and implications of each in the business environment w ill be discusses as well.The use of technology and e-commerce has become widespread especially for organizations that conduct business over the internet. Many organizations have adapted to selling their products to consumers and distributors through the internet. This helps businesses grow by reaching international customers or customers in different territories. Online sites such as PayPal have created a faster and safer way to pay bills online virtually at any location and at any time. This feature has allowed consumers and organizations to pay their bills in a more efficient way.More consumers have adopted e-commerce to pay for personal bills such as car payments and utility bills. The benefits of this technology perk are the efficiency and convenience of having the ability to transact anywhere, anytime, and in any way, it saves consumers time and fees. The immediate transfer of funds benefits businesses because buyers are more willing to make purchases if the process is quick an d easy. The downside of paying bills online is the security hazards. Businesses will not be able to protect themselves against all the security threats when creating an online payment system.Businesses should be aware of malware and other various hacking attempts that can track their keystrokes stealing usernames and passwords to access financial information. This trend could lead to challenges for risk management because of the security threats the trend poses. The challenge for risk managers would be keeping up with security threats and keeping their systems secure from hackers. Every business strives to be successful, and keeping up with the ever-changing cultural habits is an important risk management trend businesses should take into consideration while working on international projects.Globalization has increased the importance of cultural risk management, and if this trend is not taken seriously it could prove to be very costly for organizations. Cultural differences can affe ct many parts of an organization. One example is the difference in managerial approaches between an international and domestic management team. A proactive approach in the beginning of an international project will help mitigate the differences in managerial approaches. Networking and negotiations are two main issues that should be taken into consideration when deciding on an international project.Networking is a critical stage for organizations looking for international business opportunities. The process of bidding for potential projects worldwide seem to be similar, the difference is in the lead-time given to bidders in certain countries. Domestically projects are advertised openly, giving anyone interested a fair opportunity to bid on the project. Projects in some international cultures are first spread by word of mouth, giving some bidders time to prepare and research their bid.This would give international bidders a heads up on potential future projects and would give them ade quate time to prepare before the bidding became public. Negotiations were found to have different meanings in different cultures, the styles were culture dependent. Different cultures may perceive the definition of negotiation differently so it is important to risk managers to understand the different cultures and how they perceive the term negotiation in business. Understanding cultural differences will help businesses become successful when operating internationally.On the other hand if risk managers are not aware of the cultural differences it may lead to misunderstandings and could have negative effects on the business. The U. S. government sets business regulations to hold organizations accountable for the amount of power they have; they also protect employees and the environment. Businesses are expected to abide by governmental regulations and should do so to stay out of trouble. Business regulations are different for different industries. It is important for organizations to be aware of the business regulations affecting their industry.Government regulations should always be considered when running a business. There are regulations for state, local, and federal taxes as well as financial reporting requirements presented by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Business regulations for international organizations include an additional range of rules regulating international trade. Importers must deal with regulations relating to import quotas, tariffs, and prohibition. Business regulations could be a challenge for businesses that do not which regulations to follow; they could be faced with costly fines if they do not comply.Because of business regulations consumers can feel safe about the products they are purchasing off of store shelves. If there is a product that could be a threat, government regulators would take quick action to remove it from the marketplace. Government regulations can cause disadvantages for both consumers and businesses. If busin esses do not comply with government regulations they could be faced with large fines, and because of the increased cost of doing business consumers would be affected by paying higher prices.Businesses may not always be able to manage every risk they run into but being aware of the trends and developments will help eliminate most risks. For those involved with managing risk, risk management should be used to generate new ideas and to promote good business practices. The business trends and developments discussed in this paper relating to technology, culture, and business regulations are just a few business trends that should not be ignored.